Most notably, the HLA-B*53 allele, which has previously been reported as associated with strong protection against SM in the Gambia51, showed no evidence for association across populations (BFavg = 0.17; OR = 1.0, 95% CI = 0.91–1.08 in a fixed-effect meta-analysis under a dominance model where the effect is due to the presence of the antigen) or in any individual population (e.g., OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.89–1.18 in the Gambia, Supplementary Fig. 7). The gene discussed is HLA-B; the disease is systemic mastocytosis.