It has been identified to be a potential neurodegenerative biomarker with an elevated level in ischemic stroke, TBI, and early-stage AD patients.32, 33, 34 Western blot results have shown that the repetitive injury induced a decreased expression of BDNF and neurogranin and an increased expression of VILIP-1 in neurons. The gene discussed is BDNF; the disease is Alzheimer disease.