Furthermore, stimulation of ccRCC cell lines, 786-0 and A498, with the exogenous TGF-β1 triggered activation of the TGFBR1 and TGF-β/SMAD/PAI-1 pathway and stimulated the invasive potential of ccRCC cells [140]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.