TNF and Zika virus infectious disease: ZIKV infection in primary Tupaia cells induced an upregulation of cytokine mRNA levels over the infection time, including those of IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α, IFN-β, CXCL9, and MX1, where IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α mRNA levels were significantly elevated 6 h post-infection [26].