These findings support the earlier report that loss of the PMEPA1 gene in PC3 cells leads to the activation of TGF-β signaling and the consequential upregulation of TGF-β responsive pre-metastasis genes including CTGF, IL11 and PTHRP which drives the bone metastasis of prostate cancer [6]. This evidence concerns the gene PMEPA1 and Familial prostate cancer.