NFKB1 and colitis: Forkhead box O4 occurs downstream of RAGE signalling and serves to inhibit DNA binding and transcriptional activity of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B), preventing inflammation.11 Forkhead box O4 is also downregulated in colonic epithelial cells of IBD patients.11 Upregulation of pro-inflammatory RAGE and downregulation of anti-inflammatory FOXO4 from the RAGE signalling pathway provides compelling evidence for the relevance of RAGE activation in colitis susceptibility during T. muris infection.