HMGB1 and diabetes mellitus: Activity of RAGE has already been linked to active IBD, diabetes, Alzheimer’s, airway inflammation, cancer, and hemorrhagic shock.15, 16 Additionally, several RAGE ligands are associated with inflammation in IBD, including calprotectin, EN-RAGE, and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1).17–19 It is important to validate results from mouse model to human disease, and therefore, we conducted a small validation study to assess fecal sRAGE in human patients.