Forkhead box O4 occurs downstream of RAGE signalling and serves to inhibit DNA binding and transcriptional activity of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B), preventing inflammation.11 Forkhead box O4 is also downregulated in colonic epithelial cells of IBD patients.11 Upregulation of pro-inflammatory RAGE and downregulation of anti-inflammatory FOXO4 from the RAGE signalling pathway provides compelling evidence for the relevance of RAGE activation in colitis susceptibility during T. muris infection. This evidence concerns the gene FOXO4 and irritable bowel syndrome.