MTOR and cancer: The phosphatidyl-inositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR pathway is a signaling axis responsible for various crucial functions in cellular homeostasis including protein synthesis, glucose metabolism, survival, migration, and angiogenesis.58,59 It has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of various cancers including RCC.60 mTOR inhibitors such as Temsirolimus and Everolimus have been approved for first- and second-line treatments for RCC, respectively.