PPARG and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In the present study, we evaluated the antioxidative activity of P. cuspidatum 50% ethanol extract (PEE) using DPPH and ABTS methods, as well as its anti-obesity effect using 3T3-L1 adipocytes, by measuring the lipid accumulation and determining the mRNA expression of adipogenesis (C/EBPα, PPARγ, and SREBP-1c) and lipogenesis (FAS, ACC, and aP2) markers.