TRAF1 and breast carcinoma: Although the effects of β-carotene on the expression of TRAF1 or TRAF2 have not yet been reported, antioxidant nutrient γ-tocotrienol inhibited tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF)-induced expression of NF-kB activation and expression of TRAF1 and TRAF2 in various human cells, such as myeloid KBM-5 cells, lung adenocarcinoma H1299 cells, embryonic kidney A293 cells, and breast cancer MCF-7 cells [43].