TLR4 and Hyperglycemia: Hyperglycemia and ROS production also promote TLR-2 and TLR-4 activation, with release of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1), intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1).