VEGFA and renal fibrosis: Since remarkably increased expression of MSC-sourced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was observed in the MSC-EV-treated kidneys, Zou and coworkers suggested that MSC-induced neo-angiogenesis was, in addition to MSC-EV-based immunosuppression, also responsible for beneficial effects of MSC-EVs in alleviation of renal fibrosis [86].