SMAD3 and breast carcinoma: Consistently with our study, the inhibitory roles of ellagic acid in multiple metastatic signaling pathways such as wnt/b-catenin, TGF/smad3, HIF1a, and HIF2a have been also demonstrated in several types of cancer cells such as colon, bladder, and breast cancer cells [17,21,34], although the effect of ellagic acid on malignancy caused by acidity has not been elucidated.