CASP3 and breast cancer: Evidence has shown, for example, that 6-gingerol can induce cell-cycle G2-phase arrest and apoptosis by activating caspases 3 and 7 in oral and cervical tumor cells [17], stimulate autophagy via drug–DNA interaction and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis in HeLa cells [16], inhibit cell proliferation though mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-activator protein 1 (AP-1) signaling in colon cancer [13], and suppress metastasis in breast cancer [18].