Antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and catalase are able to prevent the ANE- and arecoline-induced toxic events such as COX-2 expression, PGE2, IL-1α, cytotoxicity etc. [13, 22] as well as MMP-9 secretion of SAS cancer epithelial cells in this study. Here, IL1A is linked to cancer.