IGF1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Furthermore, in the last decade, the pathogenesis and pathophysiological mechanisms of both CRC and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) related conditions such as hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance are found to be closely related since they both involve the regulation of the insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathway [10, 11].