Using this method, we measured IFN-α production in PDCs from 20 HIV-uninfected controls from an NIAID cohort, 23 from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies who provided samples before HIV infection, 11 LTNP/ECs that maintain <50 copies of HIV RNA without antiretroviral therapy, and 9 HIV-infected progressors who were on antiretroviral therapy at the time of measurement (Table 1). Here, IFNA2 is linked to HIV infectious disease.