LEP and Insulin resistance: Nayak et al. investigated changes in cytokine levels (IFN-γ, IP-10, IL-1α, MIP1-α, adiponectin, and leptin) and ICAM1 (a cell surface glycoprotein expressed on endothelial cells and cells of the immune system that can be measured due to shedding) in overweight and obese women during pregnancy and found that IL-1α, ICAM1, and adiponectin were inversely associated with insulin and insulin resistance, but the authors concluded that further studies are required to confirm the role of these cytokines in glucose and insulin metabolism in obese pregnant women [31].