INS and gestational diabetes: In hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp studies with an insulin infusion rate of 1.0 mU/kg/min, combined with stable isotopes of glucose (6,6-2H2 glucose) to estimate endogenous (primarily hepatic) glucose production, there was a significant 30% increase in hepatic glucose production by late pregnancy in women with normal glucose tolerance and gestational diabetes, but there were no differences between the groups.