In a cohort of subjects undergoing hip replacement for arthrosis, we showed that DM downregulates the microRNA-155 in BM HSCs, which results in induction of HSC apoptosis via induction of the target gene Forkhead Box O3a (FOXO3a) and cell cycle controllers p21 and p27kip1 (52). Here, FOXO3 is linked to diabetes mellitus.