TNF and parasitic infectious disease: Our recent work has shown that low dose Trypanosoma congolense infection can enhance cytokines such as interleukin-10 (IL-10), IL-6, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β (TGF-β), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) by spleen and draining lymph node cells that can display increased T regulatory cells which leads to increased susceptibility to reinfection to parasitic infection in animal model [32].