INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Some studies found beneficial effect of a bread enriched with beta-glucan on glycemic status in T2D patients [28, 29], which this is mediated mainly by delaying the gastric emptying and subsequently, reducing the intestinal absorption of glucose as well as stimulating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, which has a critical role in the regulation of glucose/insulin homeostasis [30].