TLR3 and listeriosis: In macrophages, listeria infection has been shown to increase ROS production via complex III, which drives NF-kappa-B essential modulator (NEMO) dimerization, increasing inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase (IKK) activation, NF-κB signaling and cytokine production47 Our study is among the first to identify associations between complex III mediated ROS production and TLR3 antiviral immune responses.