Herein, in HIV-1NL4.3 infected Jurkat cells, miR-146a levels were gradually increased during HIV-1 infection (Fig. 3a,b), and the mRNA level of PD-1 and CTLA-4 were increased to a peak in day 3, and then decreased (Fig. 3c,d). This evidence concerns the gene CTLA4 and HIV-1 infection.