CyPA has several functions including PPIase activity, protein folding, protein assembly and protein trafficking in cells (such as nuclear translocation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK1/2) and apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF)) [28], and involves many biological functions including immune regulation [29], cell growth [30], tumorigenesis [31], and cardiovascular diseases (for example, CyPA can promote the development of atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm and cardiac hypertrophy) [32]. This evidence concerns the gene PPIA and atherosclerosis.