Here, we also showed that MVs derived from S2 HAT patients' CSF display functional properties since, in vitro, they altered the protein expression of human astrocytes inducing changes similar to those observed in cells exposed to IFN-γ, a classical pro-inflammatory stimulus, which plays a central role, although still partly unclear, in HAT meningoencephalitis (Wu et al., 2017). Here, IFNG is linked to meningoencephalitis.