However, because RT can also provide significant analgesia and local tumor control, and because tumor necrosis is a validated surrogate for local control of canine OS, an intriguing study design would be to treat OS-bearing dogs with chemoRT, with or without a novel DDR inhibitor, and subsequently pursue tumor removal to provide standard-of-care treatment to the dog, and to provide investigators access to the resected tumor, which would thus allow robust measurement of treatment effects. This evidence concerns the gene DDR1 and neoplasm.