HSPA4 and neurodegenerative disease: These include: (i) the heat shock proteins HSPA8 (also named HSC70), HSPA4 (also named HSP70) and HSP90AA1 (also named HSP90) which are all involved in both antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules (52–54) and the modulation of T-cell responses (55–57) and (ii) YWHAZ and YWHAQ proteins also known as 14-3-3 protein zeta and theta respectively, which bind MHC class II molecules (58, 59) and are implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases (60–62).