CD40 and metabolic disease: To determine the novel mechanisms underlying disease-specific and shared macrophage pathways, we and others previously reported that metabolic disease risk factors serve as conditional danger-associated molecular patterns (conditional DAMPs) (12, 31, 32) and induce monocyte/Mφ differentiation into Ly6Chigh-(1-3) and CD40+ proinflammatory monocytes (4), and accelerate vascular inflammation.