CSF2 and melanoma: This concept has been exhibited by the attenuated herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), termed talimogene laherparepvec (Imlygic or T-VEC) which has been modified to produce the cytokine granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to enhance anti-tumor immunity for the treatment of advanced melanoma (Andtbacka et al., 2015; Puzanov et al., 2016).