TNF and infection: -Downregulation of IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α -Cotreatment with 0.005 mg/g epinecidin-1 decreased the mortality rate upon infection. - 7 days after P. aeruginosa ATCC 19660 and P. aeruginosa R infection, the survival rate is 88.4% - All untreated mice died within 72 h of infection.