The down-regulation of type-1 fimbriae in the urine of UTI patients raises questions regarding its significance for human UTI (Hagan et al., 2010; Subashchandrabose et al., 2014) although in vitro modeling of infection indicates that this apparent paradox might be explained by expression of the fim genes only in surface-associated populations (Stærk et al., 2016). This evidence concerns the gene ZMYM2 and bacterial urinary tract infection.