FOXP3 and diabetes mellitus: Autoimmune monogenic DM is a relatively new group of diseases, where DM is associated with multiple autoimmune defects in these four genes: autoimmune regulator (AIRE) part of autoimmune polyendocrine syndromes (APS) (35, 36), forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) (37), sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) (38), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) (39).