In contrast, Aspirin was reported to inhibit breast tumor cell growth, EMT and migration via the TGF-β/SMAD4 signaling pathway (Maity et al., 2015); and to exert anti-tumor effects through other pathways such as the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway and the NF-ĸB pathway in various cancers (Bilani et al., 2017; Chen and Holmes, 2017). This evidence concerns the gene SMAD4 and cancer.