TCF4 and central nervous system cancer: Aspirin was reported to down-regulate Wnt/β-catenin signaling by enhancing β-catenin phosphorylation levels in colorectal cancer cells (Dihlmann et al., 2003); to induce apoptosis in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway (Deng et al., 2009); and to inhibit glioma cell proliferation and invasive ability, and induce apoptosis via the β-catenin/TCF4 signaling pathway (Lan et al., 2011).