TNF and bipolar disorder: Two meta-analyses on the role of cytokines clearly revealed similar changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in various psychiatric disorders, such as MDD, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder, in both the blood and the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) (Goldsmith et al., 2016; Wang and Miller, 2018), although they also showed differences between disorders in the levels of the inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleukin (IL)-1, and tumor necrosis factor-α (Goldsmith et al., 2016; Wang and Miller, 2018).