The discovery of the roles of substance P and other TKs in pain, inflammation, cancer, depressive disorder, immune function, gut function, hematopoiesis, sensory processing and hormone regulation [see (Hökfelt et al., 2001; Onaga, 2014; Steinhoff et al., 2014; Zieglgänsberger, 2019)] has lead to extensive research into the pharmacology and molecular biology of this signaling system as a therapeutic target [see (Steinhoff et al., 2014)], resulting in a huge number of publications annually. This evidence concerns the gene CDC42 and cancer.