VHL and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma: Secondly, Tang et al. 40 have shown that the MYC pathway is activated in ccRCC and is essential for the proliferation of human ccRCC cell lines; Shroff et al. 41 have also shown that MYC oncogene overexpression drives renal cell carcinoma in a mouse model; and Bailey et al. 42 also showed that MYC activation cooperates with VHL and INK4A/ARF loss to induce ccRCC in mouse models.