Finally, although TNFSF10 (TRAIL) has pro-apoptotic actions, in ccRCC, high levels of TNFSF10 correlate with poor patient prognosis and several lines of work have suggested that non-apoptotic functions such as induction of proliferation and cytokine production, as well as influences on immune cells may contribute to the growth of RCC45. This evidence concerns the gene TNFSF10 and nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.