In analogy to CD patients, we observed a reduced frequency of CD8a+CCR7+ (G1) T cells, as well as an increase in CD11b+CD86+ (G3) cells in the AGLCD patient when compared to healthy controls, highlighting a pre-activation of monocytes under inflammatory conditions and thus reflecting CD-induced changes in immune cell composition (Fig. 1e, f), which were further reflected by comparable expression patterns of several differentiation and functional markers on CD11b+CD86+ cells and CD14+ monocytes of CD patients and the AGLCD patient (Fig. 1g, h). Here, CD86 is linked to Cowden disease.