Consistent with previous finding showing increased activity of TBK1 and IKKε in the livers of mice with obesity,22 we also found significantly increased phosphorylation levels of TBK1 and IKKε in the livers of mice fed with DDC diet compared with those of mice fed with chow diet (Figure 1A). Here, TBK1 is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.