NOX4 and atherosclerosis: Nox4 has been shown to have protective effects in many pathophysiological settings including during chronic pressure overload-induced remodelling,7,8 myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion,13,35 hind-limb ischaemia,36,37 kidney injury,38 remodelling after myocardial infarction,39 and atherosclerosis.40–42