ATP5IF1 and cancer: Gain-of-function and loss-of-function experiments carried out in different cancer cell lines showed that IF1 enhances glycolytic flux, a finding that is consistent with the inhibition of the ATP synthetic activity of the F0F1 complex by IF1.114–116 Overexpression of IF1 in cancer cell lines also increased the production of O2•– in the mitochondrial compartment,114,115 an effect that is likely to be related to the mitochondrial hyperpolarisation induced by inhibition of the “forward” activity of the ATP synthase.