Tumours carrying loss-of-function mutations in SDH include pheochromocytomas, paragangliomas, renal cancers, gastrointestinal cancers and some leukaemias, loss-of-function mutations in FDH are observed in infantile encephalopathy and renal cancer and gain-of-function mutations in IDH1/2 are found in colon carcinomas, gliomas, glioblastomas, chondrosarcomas, cholangiocarcinomas and AMLs (reviewed in ref. 43). Here, IDH1 is linked to renal carcinoma.