As a result, glucose catabolism through glycolysis into lactate is increased and its catabolism through the Krebs cycle is decreased.93 HIF1α also regulates glutamine uptake through the SNAT2 transporter94 and glutamine catabolism through reductive carboxylation, supporting lipid and nucleotide biosynthesis.95 Importantly, HIF1α can also accumulate in both hypoxic and normoxic conditions due to the loss of tumour-suppressor functions of TP53/PTEN/VHL, as well as activation of the PI3K–AKT–mTOR, MAPK and NF-ĸB pathways (reviewed in ref. 70). Here, AKT1 is linked to neoplasm.