The metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells, such as the use of aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect), affects the tumour microenvironment and infiltrating immune cells through changes in glucose metabolism.43 M-MDSCs can differentiate into M1- or M2-like TAMs and to TNF-α- and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-producing DCs in the tumour environment, while monocytes also convert into M-MDSCs.44–49 During maturation and activation, these tumour-derived MDSCs exhibit an increase in central carbon metabolism, including glycolysis, the PPP, and the TCA cycle. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.