A previous study suggested that aerobic glycolysis signatures were correlated with high MDSC counts, low T-cell counts, and poor human triple-negative breast cancer outcome.38 Exogenous lactate has been shown to increase the generation of MDSCs from mouse bone marrow cells stimulated with GM-CSF and IL-6 in vitro.17 Knockdown of the key glycolytic enzyme, lactate dehydrogenase A, resulted in fewer MDSCs in tumour tissues and the spleen.38 It is plausible that DCA might reduce MDSC infiltration by targeting aerobic glycolysis in the TME after NDV treatment. This evidence concerns the gene HK1 and triple-negative breast carcinoma.