PKD1 and pancreatic neoplasm: mTOR exists in two distinct complexes with different protein components and downstream substrates: mTOR complex C1 and C2.35 mTORC1 stimulates HIF-1α by regulating various enzymes for glucose metabolism, including glucose transporters.36 This study demonstrates that PKD1 phosphorylates/activates mTORC1 in pancreatic cancer cells, as was depicted by the increased activation/phosphorylation of its main effectors, pS6K and 4EBP1 on PKD1 overexpression (Fig. 5).