BMP1 and melanoma: As an example, similar concentrations of human DKK3 at 10–50 μg/mL were used to block the proliferation of human kidney KPK1 cancer cells41; human BMP1-3, an alternatively-spliced variant of BMP1, at 150–1000 ng/mL was observed to increase the expression of p21, a cell cycle inhibitor, in human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells42; human MIA at 50 ng/mL was used to inhibit the invasive activity of melanoma cells45; and PEDF at 250 ng/mL was used to induce osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells47.