HMGB1 and diabetes mellitus: Since previously published studies reported that anti-diabetic drug metformin is correlated with protection against mortality in TB-DM, [18] we estimated the systemic levels of AGE, sRAGE, S100A12 and HMGB-1 in KDM individuals on metformin treatment (n = 11) in comparison with those on non-metformin regimens (n = 11).