TNF and Peri-Implantitis: Although more research is needed, the assessment of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNFα, MMP-8) in the PICF may be of value to diagnose peri-implantitis and peri-implant mucositis but are, at this time, inappropriate to predict peri-implantitis because of the limited evidence of controlled longitudinal clinical trials.