ATP1A3 and Rapid-onset dystonia-parkinsonism: In contrast, DYT-ATP1A3 dystonia (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism), caused by mutations in the ATP1A3 gene, is an example of a combined dystonia disorder where afflicted individuals appear to receive no benefit from DBS, although to our knowledge, only 5 such patients have been reported on so far [33,34].