PTGS2 and lung cancer: Curcumin has been shown to induce apoptosis in lung cancer cells via both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways by regulating multiple molecular targets including Cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), Bcl-2 family, reactive oxygen species (ROS), death receptors, and signaling pathways such as Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K).