TNF and tuberculosis: When lung fibroblasts were stimulated in vitro with OSM in combination with TNF, O’Kane et al. showed that MMP-1 and MMP-3 secretion increased synergistically, whereas that of TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 decreased [36], supporting the ECM remodeling functions of OSM in pulmonary diseases with elevated OSM and TNF, such as tuberculosis.