While treatment with Ler up to 15 μM was not notably cytotoxic toward MDA-MB 435S (breast cancer), SNU-475 (liver cancer), SNU-668 (stomach cancer), NCI-H460 (lung cancer), BxPC-3 (pancreatic cancer), or RPMI-8226 (MM) cells, Ler dose-dependently enhanced cell death in these cell lines when combined with subtoxic doses of Btz (Figure 1A). Here, CASC3 is linked to breast carcinoma.